Let \( A = \{ (a_1, a_2, \cdots, a_n : a_i = \pm 1 \, (i = 1, 2, \cdots, n) \} \subset \mathbb{R}^n \). Prove that, for any \( X \subset A \) with \( |X| > 2^{n+1}/n \), there exist three distinct points in \( X \) that are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.

The best solution was submitted by 서기원, 09학번. Congratulations!

Similar solutions were submitted by 라준현(08학번, +3), 김호진(09학번, +3), 황성호(13학번, +3), 박정현(일반, +3), 정요한(서울시립대, +3). Thank you for your participation.

Let \( p \) be a prime number. Let \( S_p \) be the set of all positive integers \( n \) satisfying
\[
x^n – 1 = (x^p – x + 1) f(x) + p g(x)
\]
for some polynomials \( f \) and \( g \) with integer coefficients. Find all \( p \) for which \( p^p -1 \) is the minimum of \( S_p \).

The best solution was submitted by 서기원, 09학번. Congratulations!

Other solutions were submitted by 라준현(08학번, +3), 어수강(서울대, +3). Thank you for your participation.

Let \(m\) and \(n\) be odd integers. Determine \[ \sum_{k=1}^\infty \frac{1}{k^2}\tan\frac{k\pi}{m}\tan \frac{k\pi}{n}.\]

The best solution was submitted by Suh, Gee Won (서기원), 수리과학과 2009학번. Congratulations!

Here is his Solution of Problem 2012-17.

One incorrect solution was received (PHM).

For given positive real numbers \(a_1,\ldots,a_k\) and for each integer n≥k, let \(a_{n+1}\) be the geometric mean of \( a_n, a_{n-1}, a_{n-2}, \ldots, a_{n-k+1}\). Prove that \( \lim_{n\to\infty} a_n\) exists and compute this limit.

The best solution was submitted by Gee Won Suh (서기원), 수리과학과 2009학번. Congratulations!

Here is his Solution of Problem 2012-5.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 박민재 (2011학번, +3, Solution), 김태호 (2011학번, +3, Solution), 이명재 (2012학번, +3), 박훈민 (대전과학고등학교 2학년, +3), 윤영수 (2011학번, +2), 조준영 (2012학번, +2), 변성철 (2011학번, +2), 정우석 (서강대학교 자연과학부 2011학번, +2). One incorrect solution was received.

Let n be a positive integer and let S_n be the set of all permutations on {1,2,…,n}. Assume \( x_1+x_2 +\cdots +x_n =0\) and \(\sum_{i\in A} x_i\neq 0 \) for all nonempty proper subsets A of {1,2,…,n}. Find all possible values of\[ \sum_{\pi \in S_n } \frac{1}{x_{\pi(1)}} \frac{1}{x_{\pi(1)}+x_{\pi(2)}}\cdots \frac{1}{x_{\pi(1)}+\cdots+ x_{\pi(n-1)}}. \]

The best solution was submitted by Gee Won Suh (서기원), 수리과학과 2009학번. Congratulations!

Here is his Solution of Problem 2012-2.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 이명재 (2012학번, +3,  Solution), 조준영 (2012학번, +3), 김태호 (2011학번, +3), 박민재 (2011학번, +3, Solution), 서동휘 (수리과학과 2009학번, +3), 임정환 (수리과학과 2009학번, +3), 박훈민 (대전과학고 1학년, +3, Solution), 조위지 (Stanford Univ. 물리학과 박사과정, +3, Solution), 김건형 (서울대 컴퓨터공학과 2012학번, +3).

For a real number x, let d(x)=min_n:integer (x-n)². Evaluate the following double infinite series:
. . . + 8 d(x/8)+4 d(x/4) + 2 d(x/2) + d(x)  + d(2x) / 2 + d(4x)/4 + d(8x)/8 + . . .

The best solution was submitted by Gee Won Suh (서기원), 수리과학과 2009학번. Congratulations!

Here is his Solution of Problem 2011-20.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 박승균 (수리과학과 2008학번, Alternative Solution, +3) and 장경석 (2011학번, +3).