Let \( A_{a, b} = \{ (x, y) \in \mathbb{Z}^2 : 1 \leq x \leq a, 1 \leq y \leq b \} \). Consider the following property, which we call Property R:

“If each of the points in \(A\) is colored red, blue, or yellow, then there is a rectangle whose sides are parallel to the axes and vertices have the same color.”

Find the maximum of \(|A_{a, b}|\) such that \( A_{a, b} \) has Property R but \( A_{a-1, b} \) and \( A_{a, b-1} \) do not.

The best solution was submitted by 하석민 (수리과학과 2017학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-13.

An incorrect solution was received. Late solutions are not graded.

Find the smallest prime number \( p \geq 5 \) such that there exist no integer coefficient polynomials \( f \) and \( g \) satisfying
\[
p | ( 2^{f(n)} + 3^{g(n)})
\]
for all positive integers \( n \).

The best solution was submitted by 김태균 (수리과학과 2016학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-11.

Other solutions were submitted by 고성훈 (2018학번, +3), 조재형 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 채지석 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 최백규 (생명과학과 2016학번, +3).

Let \(G\) be a group. A topology on \(G\) is said to be a group topology if the map \(\mu: G \times G \to G\) defined by \(\mu(g, h) = g^{-1}h\) is continuous with respect to this topology where \(G \times G\) is equipped with the product topology. A group equipped with a group topology is called a topological group. When we have two topologies \(T_1, T_2\) on a set S, we write \(T_1 \leq T_2\) if \(T_2\) is finer than \(T_1\), which gives a partial order on the set of topologies on a given set. Prove or disprove the following statement: for a give group \(G\), there exists a unique minimal group topology on \(G\) (minimal with respect to the partial order we described above) so that \(G\) is a Hausdorff space?

The best solution was submitted by 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-10.

An incomplete solutions were submitted by 채지석 (수리과학과 2016학번, +2).

Suppose that \( X \) is a discrete random variable on the set \( \{ a_1, a_2, \dots \} \) with \( P(X=a_i) = p_i \). Define the discrete entropy
\[
H(X) = -\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} p_i \log p_i.
\]
Find constants \( C_1, C_2 \geq 0 \) such that
\[
e^{2H(X)} \leq C_1 Var(X) + C_2
\]
holds for any \( X \).

The best solution was submitted by 길현준 (2018학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-09.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 최백규 (생명과학과 2016학번, +3). Incomplete solutions were submitted by, 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번, +2), 채지석 (수리과학과 2016학번, +2).

Let \(G\) be a group acting by isometries on a proper geodesic metric space \(X\). Here \(X\) being proper means that every closed bounded subset of \(X\) is compact. Suppose this action is proper and cocompact,. Here, the action is said to be proper if for all compact subsets \(B \subset X\), the set \[\{g \in G | g(B) \cap B \neq \emptyset \}\] is finite. The quotient space \(X/G\) is obtained from \(X\) by identifying any two points \(x, y\) if and only if there exists \(g \in G\) such that \(gx = y\), and equipped with the quotient topology. Then the action of \(G\) on \(X\) is said to be cocompact if \(X/G\) is compact. Under these assumptions, show that \(G\) is finitely generated.

The best solution was submitted by 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-08.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 조재형 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 채지석 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 김태균 (수리과학과 2016학번, +2).

Suppose that \( f: \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R} \) is differentiable and \( \max_{ x \in \mathbb{R}} |f(x)| = M < \infty \). Prove that \[ \int_{-\infty}^{\infty} (|f'|^2 + |f|^2) \geq 2M^2. \]

The best solution was submitted by 채지석 (수리과학과 2016학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-07.

Other solutions were submitted by 고성훈 (2018학번, +3), 길현준 (2018학번, +3), 김기택 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 김민서 (2019학번, +3), 김태균 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 박재원 (2019학번, +3), 오윤석 (2019학번, +3), 윤영환 (한양대학교, +3), 이본우 (수리과학과 2017학번, +3), 이원용 (2019학번, +3), 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 정의현 (수리과학과 대학원생, +3), 최백규 (생명과학과 2016학번, +3).

Compute the following integral  \[ \int_{0}^{\pi/2} \log{ (2 \cos{x} )} dx \]

The best solution was submitted by 김건우 (수리과학과 2017학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-06.

Other solutions were submitted by 강한필 (전산학부 2016학번, +3), 고성훈 (2018학번, +3), 길현준 (2018학번, +3), 김기수 (수리과학과 2018학번, +3), 김민서 (2019학번, +3), 김태균 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 김희주 (2015학번, +3), 서준영 (수리과학과 대학원생, +3), 이본우 (수리과학과 2017학번, +3), 이원용 (2019학번, +3), 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 이종서 (2019학번, +3), 조재형 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 채지석 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 최백규 (생명과학과 2016학번, +3), 홍진표 (서울대학교 재료공학부 2013학번, +3).

Let \( p_n \) be the \(n\)-th prime number, \( p_1 = 2, p_2 = 3, p_3 = 5, \dots \). Prove that the following series converges:
\[
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{p_n} \prod_{k=1}^n \frac{p_k -1}{p_k}.
\]

The best solution was submitted by 김기현 (수리과학과 대학원생). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-05.

Other solutions were submitted by 강한필 (전산학부 2016학번), 고성훈 (2018학번, +3), 길현준 (2018학번, +3), 김기수 (수리과학과 2018학번), 김기현 (수리과학과 대학원생), 김태균 (수리과학과 2016학번), 박항 (전산학부 2013학번), 신원석 (서울대학교 컴퓨터공학부), 이본우 (수리과학과 2017학번, +3), 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 조재형 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 채지석 (수리과학과 2016학번), 최백규 (생명과학과 2016학번, +3), 김민서 (2019학번, +2), 윤창기 (서울대학교 화학과).

Ten mathematicians sit at a round table. Each has a certain amount of food. At each full minute, every mathematician divides his share of food into two equal parts and hands it out to the two people seated closest to him in counter-clockwise direction. How will the food be distributed at the end of a long evening? Does the answer change if instead every mathematician shares his food with the two people sitting immediately next to him?

The best solution was submitted by 채지석 (수리과학과 2016학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-04.

Other solutions were submitted by 고성훈 (2018학번, +3), 길현준 (2018학번, +3), 김기수 (수리과학과 2018학번), 김기현 (수리과학과 대학원생), 김민서 (2019학번, +3), 김태균 (수리과학과 2016학번), 이본우 (수리과학과 2017학번, +3), 이원영 (2019학번), 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 이종서 (2019학번), 조재형 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 최백규 (생명과학과 2016학번, +3). Late solutions are not graded.

Suppose that \( T \) is an \( N \times N \) matrix
\[
T = \begin{pmatrix}
a_1 & b_1 & 0 & \cdots & 0 \\
b_1 & a_2 & b_2 & \ddots & \vdots \\
0 & b_2 & a_3 & \ddots & 0 \\
\vdots & \ddots & \ddots & \ddots & b_{N-1} \\
0 & \cdots & 0 & b_{N-1} & a_N
\end{pmatrix}
\]
with \( b_i > 0 \) for \( i =1, 2, \dots, N-1 \). Prove that \( T \) has \( N \) distinct eigenvalues.

The best solution was submitted by 채지석 (수리과학과 2016학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2019-03.

Other solutions were submitted by 고성훈 (2018학번, +3), 길현준 (2018학번, +3), 김기수 (수리과학과 2018학번), 김민서 (2019학번, +3), 박현영 (전기및전자공학부 2016학번, +3), 이본우 (수리과학과 2017학번, +3), 이상윤 (UCLA, +3), 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 조재형 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 최백규 (생명과학과 2016학번, +3). Late solutions are not graded.