Let \( A, B, C \) be \( N \times N \) Hermitian matrices with \( C = A+B \). Let \( \alpha_1 \geq \dots \geq \alpha_N \), \( \beta_1 \geq \dots \geq \beta_N \), \( \gamma_1 \geq \dots \geq \gamma_N \) be the eigenvalues of \( A, B, C \), respectively. For any \( 1 \leq k \leq N \), prove that
\[ \gamma_1 + \gamma_2 + \dots + \gamma_k \leq (\alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + \dots + \alpha_k) + (\beta_1 + \beta_2 + \dots + \beta_k) \]

The best solution was submitted by Sounggun Wee (위성군, 수리과학과 2015학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2017-01.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 강한필 (2016학번, +3), 김태균 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 배형진 (마포고 3학년, +3), 오동우 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 이시우 (포항공대 수학과 2013학번, +3), 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 장기정 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 조태혁 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 최대범 (수리과학과 2016학번, +3), 최인혁 (물리학과 2015학번, +3), Huy Tung Nguyen (2016학번, +3), 곽상훈 (수리과학과 2013학번, +3), 이본우 (2017학번, +3), 이태영 (수리과학과 2013학번, +2).

Suppose that \( z_1, z_2, \dots, z_n \) are complex numbers satisfying \( \sum_{k=1}^n z_k = 0 \). Prove that
\[
\sum_{k=1}^n |z_{k+1} – z_k|^2 \geq 4 \sin^2 \left( \frac{\pi}{n} \right) \sum_{k=1}^n |z_k|^2,
\]
where we let \( z_{n+1} = z_1 \).

The best solution was submitted by Kim, Taegyun (김태균, 2016학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2016-23.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 신준형 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 장기정 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3, alternative solution), 국윤범 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 김기현 (수리과학과 대학원생, +3, alternative solution), 이상민 (수리과학과 2014학번, +2). One incorrect solution was submitted.

Let \(M_n=(a_{ij})_{ij}\) be an \(n\times n\) matrix such that \[a_{ij}=\binom{2(i+j-1)}{i+j-1}.\] What is \(\det M_n\)?

The best solution was submitted by Koon, Yun Bum (국윤범, 수리과학과 2015학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2016-22.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 신준형 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 장기정 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 이상민 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 채지석 (2016학번, +3), 이시우 (포항공대 수학과 2013학번, +3), 홍진표 (서울대학교 재료공학부 2013학번, +3).

For a positive integer \( n \), let \( d(n) \) be the number of positive divisors of \( n \). Prove that, for any positive integer \( M \), there exists a constant \( C>0 \) such that \( d(n) \geq C ( \log n )^M \) for infinitely many \( n \).

The best solution was submitted by Kim, Taegyun (김태균, 2016학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2016-21.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 신준형 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 장기정 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3, alternative solution), 국윤범 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 이상민 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 윤준기 (전기및전자공학부 2014학번, +3), 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), Ivan Adrian Koswara (전산학부 2013학번, +3), 조준영 (수리과학과 2012학번, +3), 이시우 (포항공대 수학과 2013학번, +3).

Let \(V_1,V_2,\ldots\) be countably many \(k\)-dimensional subspaces of \(\mathbb{R}^n\). Prove that there exists an \((n-k)\)-dimensional subspace \(W\) of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) such that \(\dim V_i\cap W=0\) for all \(i\).

The best solution was submitted by Shin, Joonhyung (신준형, 수리과학과 2015학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2016-20.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 김태균 (2016학번, +3), 국윤범 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 장기정 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3, alternative solution). One incorrect solution was submitted.

Let
\[
P(k) = \sum_{i_1=1}^{\infty} \dots \sum_{i_k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{i_1 \dots i_k (i_1 + \dots + i_k)}
\]
for a positive integer \( k \). Find \( \zeta(k+1) / P(k) \), where \( \zeta \) is the Riemann-zeta function.

The best solution was submitted by Lee, Sangmin (이상민, 수리과학과 2014학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2016-19.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 신준형 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 장기정 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 이종원 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 김태균 (2016학번, +3).

Suppose that we have a list of \(2n+1\) integers such that whenever we remove any one of them, the remaining can be partitioned into two lists of \(n\) integers with the same sum. Prove that all \(2n+1\) integers are equal.

The best solution was submitted by Joonhyung Shin (신준형, 수리과학과 2015학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2016-18.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 국윤범 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 장기정 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 이종원 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3, solution), 김태균 (2016학번, +3), 윤준기 (전기및전자공학부 2014학번, +3), 김재현 (2016학번, +3), 채지석 (2016학번, +3), 강한필 (2016학번, +3), Ivan Adrian Koswara (전산학부 2013학번, +3), 김기현 (수리과학과 대학원생, +3). One incorrect solution was received.

Set \[ L(z,w)=\int_{-2}^2\int_{-2}^2 ( \log(z-x)-\log(z-y))( \log(w-x)-\log(w-y))Q(x,y) dx dy, \]
for \(z,w\in \mathbb{C}\setminus(-\infty, 2] \), where \[ Q(x,y)= \frac{4-xy}{(x-y)^2\sqrt{4-x^2}\sqrt{4-y^2}}. \]
Prove that \[ L(z,w)=2\pi^2 \log \left[ \frac{(z+R(z))(w+R(w))}{2(zw-4+R(z)R(w))} \right], \]
where \(R(z)=\sqrt{z^2-4}\) with branch cut \([-2,2]\).

The best solution was submitted by Choi, Daebeom (최대범, 2016학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2016-17. (There are a few typos.)

No alternative solutions were submitted.

Let \(A\) be a square matrix with real entries such that \[ A A^T+A^T A = A+A^T.\] Prove that \(A\) and \(A^T\) have the same column space.

The best solution was submitted by Koon, Yun Bum (국윤범, 수리과학과 2015학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2016-16.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 장기정 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 이종원 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 최인혁 (물리학과 2015학번, +3), 신준형 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 최대범 (2016학번, +3), 김태균 (2016학번, +3), 윤준기 (전기및전자공학부 2014학번, +3), 위성군 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 이정환 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3). Two incorrect solutions were received.

Find all pairs of positive integers \( a \) and \( b \) such that \( a | (b^2 + b + 1) \) and \( b | (a^2 + a + 1) \).

The best solution was submitted by Kijoung Jang (장기정, 수리과학과 2014학번). Congratulations!

Here is his solution of problem 2016-15.

Alternative solutions were submitted by 국윤범 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 김강식 (포항공대 수학과 2013학번, +3), 김기택 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 김재현 (2016학번, +3), 김태균 (2016학번, +3), 박기연 (2016학번, +3), 박찬우 (서울대학교 통계학과 2016학번, +3), 신준형 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 윤준기 (전기및전자공학부 2014학번, +3), 이상민 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3), 이종원 (수리과학과 2014학번, +3, alternative solution), 채지석 (2016학번, +3), 최대범 (2016학번, +3), 최인혁 (물리학과 2015학번, +3), 박현준 (물리학과 2014학번, +3), 위성군 (수리과학과 2015학번, +3), 김영헌 (개성고등학교 3학년, +3), Saba Dzmanashvili (+3), Jonathan French (+2), 정의현 (수리과학과 2015학번, +2).