Let X be a finite non-empty set. Suppose that there is a function \(f:X\to X\) such that \( f^{20120407}(x)=x\) for all \(x\in X\). Prove that the number of elements x in X such that \(f(x)\neq x\) is divisible by 20120407.
Let X be the set of all postive real numbers c such that \[\frac{\prod_{k=1}^{n-1} \sin\left( \frac{k \pi}{2n}\right)}{c^n} \] converges as n goes to infinity. Find the infimum of X.
Let p be a prime number and let n be a positive integer. Let \(A=\left( \binom{i+j-2}{i-1}\right)_{1\le i\le p^n, 1\le j\le p^n} \) be a \(p^n \times p^n\) matrix. Prove that \( A^3 \equiv I \pmod p\), where I is the \(p^n \times p^n\) identity matrix.
For given positive real numbers \(a_1,\ldots,a_k\) and for each integer n≥k, let \(a_{n+1}\) be the geometric mean of \( a_n, a_{n-1}, a_{n-2}, \ldots, a_{n-k+1}\). Prove that \( \lim_{n\to\infty} a_n\) exists and compute this limit.
Find the smallest and the second smallest odd integers n satisfying the following property: \[ n=x_1^2+y_1^2 \text{ and } n^2=x_2^2+y_2^2 \] for some positive integers \(x_1,y_1,x_2,y_2\) such that \(x_1-y_1=x_2-y_2\).
Compute \[ f(x)= \int_{0}^1 \frac{\log (1- 2t\cos x + t^2) }{t} dt.\]
Let n be a positive integer and let Sn be the set of all permutations on {1,2,…,n}. Assume \( x_1+x_2 +\cdots +x_n =0\) and \(\sum_{i\in A} x_i\neq 0 \) for all nonempty proper subsets A of {1,2,…,n}. Find all possible values of\[ \sum_{\pi \in S_n } \frac{1}{x_{\pi(1)}} \frac{1}{x_{\pi(1)}+x_{\pi(2)}}\cdots \frac{1}{x_{\pi(1)}+\cdots+ x_{\pi(n-1)}}. \]
Compute tan-1(1) -tan-1(1/3) + tan-1(1/5) – tan-1(1/7) + … .
Evaluate the sum \[ \sum_{k=0}^{[n/2]} (-4)^{n-k} \binom{n-k}{k} ,\] where [x] denotes the greatest integer less than or equal to x.
Let \(f:\mathbb{R}^n\to \mathbb{R}^{n-1}\) be a function such that for each point a in \(\mathbb{R}^n\), the limit $$\lim_{x\to a} \frac{|f(x)-f(a)|}{|x-a|}$$ exists. Prove that f is a constant function.