Let \( H \) be an \( N \times N \) real symmetric matrix. Suppose that \( |H_{kk}| < 1 \) for \( 1 \leq k \leq N \). Prove that, if \( |H_{ij}| > 4 \) for some \( i, j \), then the largest eigenvalue of \( H \) is larger than \( 3 \).
Let \( t \) be a positive real number and \( m \) be a positive integer. Show that if both \( \cosh \, mt \) and \( \cosh \, (m+1)t \) are rational then \( \cosh \, t \) is also rational.
Let \( \mathbb{Z}^+ \) be the set of positive integers. Suppose that \( f : \mathbb{Z}^+ \to \mathbb{Z}^+ \) satisfies the following conditions.
i) \( f(f(x)) = 5x \).
ii) If \( m \geq n \), then \( f(m) \geq f(n) \).
iii) \( f(1) \neq 2 \).
Find \( f(256) \).
Let \(A, B\) be \(N \times N\) symmetric matrices with eigenvalues \(\lambda_1^A \leq \lambda_2^A \leq \cdots \leq \lambda_N^A\) and \(\lambda_1^B \leq \lambda_2^B \leq \cdots \leq \lambda_N^B\). Prove that
\[ \sum_{i=1}^N |\lambda_i^A – \lambda_i^B|^2 \leq Tr (A-B)^2 \]
Consider all non-empty subsets \(S_1,S_2,\ldots,S_{2^n-1}\) of \(\{1,2,3,\ldots,n\}\). Let \(A=(a_{ij})\) be a \((2^n-1)\times(2^n-1)\) matrix such that \[a_{ij}=\begin{cases}1 & \text{if }S_i\cap S_j\ne \emptyset,\\0&\text{otherwise.}\end{cases}\] What is \(\lvert\det A\rvert\)?
(This is the last problem of this semester. Good luck with your final exam!)
Prove that for each positive integer \(n\), there exist \(n\) real numbers \(x_1,x_2,\ldots,x_n\) such that \[\sum_{j=1}^n \frac{x_j}{1-4(i-j)^2}=1 \text{ for all }i=1,2,\ldots,n\] and \[\sum_{j=1}^n x_j=\binom{n+1}{2}.\]
Compute \(\int_0^1 \frac{x^k-1}{\log x}dx\).
Let \(n\) be a fixed positive integer and let \(p\in (0,1)\). Let \(D_n\) be the determinant of a random \(n\times n\) 0-1 matrix whose entries are independent identical random variables, each of which is 1 with the probability \(p\) and 0 with the probability \(1-p\). Find the expected value and variance of \(D_n\).
Let \(A=(a_{ij})\) be an \(n\times n\) upper triangular matrix such that \[a_{ij}=\binom{n-i+1}{j-i}\] for all \(i\le j\). Find the inverse matrix of \(A\).
Let \(a_0=3\) and \(a_{n}=a_{n-1}+\sqrt{a_{n-1}^2+3}\) for all \(n\ge 1\). Determine \[\lim_{n\to\infty}\frac{a_n}{2^n}.\]