Let \(A, B\) are \(N \times N \) complex matrices satisfying \( rank(AB – BA) = 1 \). Prove that \( (AB – BA)^2 = 0 \).
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Let \(A, B\) are \(N \times N \) complex matrices satisfying \( rank(AB – BA) = 1 \). Prove that \( (AB – BA)^2 = 0 \).
Find all continuous functions \(f : \mathbb{R} \to \mathbb{R}\) satisfying
\[
f(x) = f(x^2 + \frac{x}{3} + \frac{1}{9} )
\]
for all \( x \in \mathbb{R} \).
Let \( A = \{ (a_1, a_2, \cdots, a_n : a_i = \pm 1 \, (i = 1, 2, \cdots, n) \} \subset \mathbb{R}^n \). Prove that, for any \( X \subset A \) with \( |X| > 2^{n+1}/n \), there exist three distinct points in \( X \) that are the vertices of an equilateral triangle.
Determine all polynomials \( P(z) \) with integer coefficients such that, for any complex number \( z \) with \( |z| = 1 \), \( | P(z) | \leq 2 \).
Let random variables \( \{ X_r : r \geq 1 \} \) be independent and uniformly distributed on \( [0, 1] \). Let \( 0 < x < 1 \) and define a random variable
\[
N = \min \{ n \geq 1 : X_1 + X_2 + \cdots + X_n > x \}.
\]
Find the mean and variance of \( N \).
Let \( N > 1000 \) be an integer. Define a sequence \( A_n \) by
\[
A_0 = 1, \, A_1 = 0, \, A_{2k+1} = \frac{2k}{2k+1} A_{2k} + \frac{1}{2k+1} A_{2k-1}, \, A_{2k} = \frac{2k-1}{2k} \frac{A_{2k-1}}{N} + \frac{1}{2k} A_{2k-2}.
\]
Show that the following inequality holds for any integer \( k \) with \( 1 \leq k \leq (1/2) N^{1/3} \).
\[
A_{2k-2} \leq \frac{1}{\sqrt{(2k-2)!}}.
\]
Let \( p \) be a prime number. Let \( S_p \) be the set of all positive integers \( n \) satisfying
\[
x^n – 1 = (x^p – x + 1) f(x) + p g(x)
\]
for some polynomials \( f \) and \( g \) with integer coefficients. Find all \( p \) for which \( p^p -1 \) is the minimum of \( S_p \).
Consider the unit sphere in \( \mathbb{R}^n \). Find the maximum number of points on the sphere such that the (Euclidean) distance between any two of these points is larger than \( \sqrt 2 \).
Let \( f : [0, 1] \to \mathbb{R} \) be a continuously differentiable function with \( f(0) = 0 \) and \( 0 < f'(x) \leq 1 \). Prove that \[ \left( \int_0^1 f(x) dx \right)^2 \geq \int_0^1 [f(x)]^3 dx. \]
Let \[ F(x) = \sum_{n=1}^{1000} \cos (n^{3/2} x). \]
Prove that \( F \) has at least \( 80 \) zeros in the interval \( (0, 2013) \).