Let \( A, B, C \) be \( N \times N \) Hermitian matrices with \( C = A+B \). Let \( \alpha_1 \geq \dots \geq \alpha_N \), \( \beta_1 \geq \dots \geq \beta_N \), \( \gamma_1 \geq \dots \geq \gamma_N \) be the eigenvalues of \( A, B, C \), respectively. For any \( 1 \leq k \leq N \), prove that
\[ \gamma_1 + \gamma_2 + \dots + \gamma_k \leq (\alpha_1 + \alpha_2 + \dots + \alpha_k) + (\beta_1 + \beta_2 + \dots + \beta_k) \]
Suppose that \( z_1, z_2, \dots, z_n \) are complex numbers satisfying \( \sum_{k=1}^n z_k = 0 \). Prove that
\[
\sum_{k=1}^n |z_{k+1} – z_k|^2 \geq 4 \sin^2 \left( \frac{\pi}{n} \right) \sum_{k=1}^n |z_k|^2,
\]
where we let \( z_{n+1} = z_1 \).
Let \(M_n=(a_{ij})_{ij}\) be an \(n\times n\) matrix such that \[a_{ij}=\binom{2(i+j-1)}{i+j-1}.\] What is \(\det M_n\)?
For a positive integer \( n \), let \( d(n) \) be the number of positive divisors of \( n \). Prove that, for any positive integer \( M \), there exists a constant \( C>0 \) such that \( d(n) \geq C ( \log n )^M \) for infinitely many \( n \).
Let \(V_1,V_2,\ldots\) be countably many \(k\)-dimensional subspaces of \(\mathbb{R}^n\). Prove that there exists an \((n-k)\)-dimensional subspace \(W\) of \(\mathbb{R}^n\) such that \(\dim V_i\cap W=0\) for all \(i\).
Let
\[
P(k) = \sum_{i_1=1}^{\infty} \dots \sum_{i_k=1}^{\infty} \frac{1}{i_1 \dots i_k (i_1 + \dots + i_k)}
\]
for a positive integer \( k \). Find \( \zeta(k+1) / P(k) \), where \( \zeta \) is the Riemann-zeta function.
Suppose that we have a list of \(2n+1\) integers such that whenever we remove any one of them, the remaining can be partitioned into two lists of \(n\) integers with the same sum. Prove that all \(2n+1\) integers are equal.
Set \[ L(z,w)=\int_{-2}^2\int_{-2}^2 ( \log(z-x)-\log(z-y))( \log(w-x)-\log(w-y))Q(x,y) dx dy, \]
for \(z,w\in \mathbb{C}\setminus(-\infty, 2] \), where \[ Q(x,y)= \frac{4-xy}{(x-y)^2\sqrt{4-x^2}\sqrt{4-y^2}}. \]
Prove that \[ L(z,w)=2\pi^2 \log \left[ \frac{(z+R(z))(w+R(w))}{2(zw-4+R(z)R(w))} \right], \]
where \(R(z)=\sqrt{z^2-4}\) with branch cut \([-2,2]\).
Let \(A\) be a square matrix with real entries such that \[ A A^T+A^T A = A+A^T.\] Prove that \(A\) and \(A^T\) have the same column space.
Find all pairs of positive integers \( a \) and \( b \) such that \( a | (b^2 + b + 1) \) and \( b | (a^2 + a + 1) \).